Difference between revisions of "Samuel Irwin"

From eurekapedia
Jump to: navigation, search
(Goldfields Involvement, 1854)
(8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
[[File:Carboni WEP page56-wiki.jpg|1000px|thumb|right|Walter E. Pidgeon, Illustration from ''The Eureka Stockade'' by Raffaello Carboni, Sunnybrook Press, 1942, offset print. <br>Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased 1994.]]
 
==Background==
 
==Background==
  
Irwin was a jouralist with the Ballarat Star where he was an important contributor on the character of Governor [[Charles Hotham]]. Irwin was also a correspondent for the Geelong Advertiser. <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref>
+
Samuel Irwin was born in Northern [[Ireland]].
 +
 
 +
Irwin was a journalist with the [[Ballarat Star]] where he was an important contributor on the character of Governor [[Charles Hotham]]. Irwin was also a correspondent for the Geelong Advertiser. <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref>
  
 
==Goldfields Involvement, 1854==
 
==Goldfields Involvement, 1854==
 +
 +
[[File:1996.59 - Doudiet - Eureka Riot 17th Octobe-wikir.jpg|1000px|thumb|right|Charles A. Doudiet, '' watercolour on paper,'' 1854, watercolour,  on paper. <br>Courtesy Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased by the Ballarat Fine
 +
Art Gallery with the assistance of many donors, 1996.]]
 +
 +
Samuel Irwin signed the [[Bendigo Goldfields Petition]].
  
 
Irwin witnessed the Burning of [[James Bentley]]'s [[Eureka Hotel]], and was a member of [[Ballarat Reform League]].  <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref> On 26 October1854 Samuel Irwin  paid the 250 pound bail for [[Andrew McIntyre]].<ref>Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. ''The Eureka Encyclopaedia'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.</ref> He was the informant for the death certificates of [[Martin Diamond]], [[George Donaghey]], [[Patrick Gittings]], [[John Hynes]] and [[Michael Mullins]].
 
Irwin witnessed the Burning of [[James Bentley]]'s [[Eureka Hotel]], and was a member of [[Ballarat Reform League]].  <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref> On 26 October1854 Samuel Irwin  paid the 250 pound bail for [[Andrew McIntyre]].<ref>Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. ''The Eureka Encyclopaedia'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.</ref> He was the informant for the death certificates of [[Martin Diamond]], [[George Donaghey]], [[Patrick Gittings]], [[John Hynes]] and [[Michael Mullins]].
Line 17: Line 25:
 
He sold [[Raffaello Carboni]]’s book ''The Eureka Stockade''. <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref>
 
He sold [[Raffaello Carboni]]’s book ''The Eureka Stockade''. <ref>Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., ''Eureka Research Directory'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.</ref>
  
 +
== Obituary ==
 +
 +
:A BALLARAT IDENTITY. 
 +
:(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.) 
 +
:In the obituary columns of Monday's Argus there appeared the announcement of the death of Mr. Samuel Irwin, at one time a resident of Ballarat, and who was a justice of the peace for that city. The late Mr. Irwin was, I believe, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and was intended for the ministry of the Ulster Presbyterian Church, he being a native of the North of [[Ireland]]; but like many young men of the period he was seized with the gold fever and emigrated to Victoria instead. In fact I am not certain if he was not in the colony previous to the gold discoveries. At all events he was a very early settler, and was well known and respected at [[Ballarat]]. If not in the affair of the [[Eureka Stockade]], he was very near to it, as I heard at the time. He was for a considerable period correspondent of the Geelong Advertiser, was editor of the [[Ballarat Times]], and subsequently became co-proprietor of the [[Ballarat Star]] with Mr. Thomas Drummond Wanliss, a well known and much respected citizen of the great goldfield of Ballarat. Mr. Irwin was the proprietor of some very valuable blocks of land in the immediate neighbourhood of the city, which he sold for as many hundreds as he would have got thousands for, had he held them for a few years longer. He was, though a well educated man, of a very retiring and unassuming disposition, and, like many of the old pioneers, did not succeed in making a fortune. He married early in the sixty's, but so far as known to me, has left no family. His wife met with an accident in the Jolimont railway disaster, and received liberal compensation. Mr. Irwin was for some time private secretary to one of the Ministers of tho Crown, who held office some years ago, since which time I lost sight of him, and was surprised and sorry to read of his death at the comparatively early age of sixty years. Many old friends who knew the deceased gentleman in the old days of Ballarat, will regret to hear of his death.<ref>Bendigo Advertiser, 26 October 1887.</ref>
  
 
== In the News ==
 
== In the News ==
 +
[[File:GILL ST - Creswick Creek - 2004.108-wiki.jpg|1000px|thumb|right|Samuel Thomas Gill, ''Creswick Creek (near Ballaarat) from Spring Hill,'' lithograph on paper, hand coloured <br>Art Gallery of Ballarat, Ronald Wrigley Estate, 1979.]]
 +
:THE EUREKA STOCKADE.
 +
:(From the Ballarat Times.)
 +
:To Signor Raffaello. Dear Sir, — I have read your '[[Eureka Stockade]]' with the deepest interest, but not with entire satisfaction. I have not time for an elaborate review of it, but I feel it to be my duty to notice a few passages in which you have mentioned my humble and all-but-forgotten name. At some future day, should health and leisure permit, I hope to give an account of what I know of the Eureka affair, and then your book will be subjected to a thorough examination. At page 58 you open chap. 45 with the following paragraphs : — "Between four and five o'clock of same afternoon we became aware of the silly blunder which proved fatal to our cause. Some three or four hundred diggers arrived from Creswick Creek — a gold-field famous for its pennyweight fortunes — grubbed up through hard work, and squandered in dissipation among the swarm of sly grog sellers in the district. "We learned from this [[Creswick]] legion that two demagogues had been stumping at Creswick, and called the miners there to arms, to help their brothers on Ballarat, who were worried by scores by the peridious hands of the Camp. They were assured that, on Ballarat, there was plenty of arms, ammunition, forage, and provisions, and that preparations, on a grand scale, were making to redress, once for all, the whole string of grievances. They had only to march to Ballarat, and would find there plenty of work, honor, and glory. 'I wonder how honest Mr Black could sanction with his presence, such suicidal rant, such absurd bosh of that pair of demagogues, who hurried down these four hundred diggers from Creswick, helpless, grog-worn ; that is, more or less dirty and ragged, and proved the greater nuisance. One of them, Michael Tuohy, behaved valiantly, and so I shall say no more.' Signor Raffaello ! by whom have you been led to pen these paragraphs? You Say, 'We learned from this Creswick legion, &c , &c. "Did this Creswick legion" say noting about a special messenger riding, post-haste, from Ballarat to Creswick's, with a note for myself, or [[Thomas Kennedy]], or any man 0n the creek? And did not "this [[Creswick]] legion" inform you that this note was handed to me after the dispersion of the meeting, solely for which we had gone to the Creek, and just as we were about to return to Ballarat - that they ('"this Creswick legion' and Many others) reassembled to hear the contents of tHe note — and that, then it was, that they felt called on to go to the assistance of the men of Ballarat? It "this Creswick legion" made no mention Of the abovE facts, but gave you, instead, the substance-of the paragraphs transcribed, they grossly misinformed you. The truth is, Reynolds, Kennedy Moran, myself and a friend left. Ballarat for Creswicks, on Thursday morning, November 30th , when all was perfectly quiet and no license hunt was expected, for the purpose of promoting the objects of the [[Ballarat Reform League]]. In the afternoon, most of the diggers of Creswick's gathered around us, when we informed them of the principles and objects of the League, and gave them an account of the mission of Kennedy and myself to the Governor, for the release of M'Intyre, Fletcher, and Westerby. The business of the meeting was soon over, and the diggers quietly dispersed without the least expectation of being immediately called on to arm themselves and proceed to Ballarat. They had not reached their tents when a young man, a stranger to me, arrived on horseback from Ballarat, with a note for me or Kennedy, or any man on the Creek. The note was in the handwriting of, and was signed by S. Irwin (now J.P at Ballarat), I [[Patrick Sheehan]] and another, whose name was so badly written that I could not make it out. Immediately after reading the note I tore it up, lest it should fall into the hands of Government. The substance of the note, I well remember, was as follows : That the authorities had been out license hunting, and had fired on the diggers ; that if they came out, on the morrow, the diggers had made up their minds to give them pepper,' and that they (the writers) considered that the cause for which the men of Ballarat had taken up arms, was the cause of the men of [[Creswick]], and they hoped that all who could come would come and bring with them all the arms they could collect. The note also promised that the men of Ballarat would find room in their tents for those who might, come, and would accommodate them as well as they could. But for this note the 'demagogues' and myself would have left the men of Creswick's in hipphappy ignorance of the rising which had taken place at Ballarat, and, in all probability, not one of them would have been in the Stockade on the ever-memorable Sunday morning following. !The blame, then, if any, of bringing to the Stockade the "four hundred helpless, grog-worn, that is, more or less dirty and ragged diggers of Creswick's is chargeable neither on themselves (p or wretches, as you describe them, but really high-souled men, who, appealed to as they were, in the fiery words of Messrs. Irwin, Sheehan and another, scorned to leave the men of Ballarat to fight unassisted the battle of the diggers generally) nor on the 'pair of demagogues' and "honest Mr Black," but on Messrs Irwin, Sheehan and another, or on some committee for whom the above gentlemen acted. At page ninety-nine the following passage occurs : "What has become of [[George Black]], was, and is still, a mystery to me. I lost sight of him since his leaving for [[Creswick]] Creek, on December 1st. 1854."You lost sight of me from one to two o'clock p.m., on Saturday, after I had vainly endeavored with the Rev. [[Patrick Smyth]] to prevail on Lalor, Vern, and M'Gill to disperse the men, as I was very confident that if they came into collision with the forces which were, and would soon be at the Ballarat Camp they would be overwhelmed, and a great, and useless sacrifice of life would be the consequence. When writing the above you forgot that on Friday night, 1st December, I accompanied the Rev. [[Patrick Smyth]] and yourself to the Camp, as a deputation, to obtain, if possible, the release of the men who had been arrested the day before taking part in the disturbances caused by the license hunt. Then, as disturbance caused by the license hunt. Then, as to the mystery of my whereabouts: ever since the acquittal of the State prisoners I have been diligently engaged in business, or some other way, at this place, but ever ready to do what I could in the cause of liberty and humanity. As yet, I have not succeeded in business according to my wishes, but I hope ere long to be able to meet the men of Ballarat, and satisfy them that I am indeed the honest man you have represented me to be, through evil report and through good report, through weal and through woe, in prosperity and in adversity. I have retained the principle which I was my pride to advocate amongst them, and which I shall ever hold, and never fear to avow as occasion may arise. Others may seek the favor of the powers that be; "as for me, I have no sympathy with any government that is not the free choice of the people. You do not think, signor, that I have deserted the cause of liberty, and that I nm quietly ingratiating, myself with the government. No, no, such is far from being the case. From what I can learn, I am yet a trouble to our rulers. Not many days ago, I was informed, on good authority, that I was closely watched, and that the warrant for my arrest for the Eureka affair had not yet been withdrawn. Well, I hope to to live trouble, more than over, men whose principles and actions are despotic, whether high or low in office, or in society. Now, to clear up another of your mysteries. In your account of the interview which Father Smyth, yourself, and I had with the Camp officers on the night of Friday, December 1st, you say that when we wore returning from the Camp, "Father Smyth continually kept on a sotto voce conversation with Mr Black only," and that this was and still is a mystery to you ! I assure you, signor, Father Smyth said not a word to me, to the best of my recollection, which he was not perfectly willing for you to hear. I am not aware that there were any secrets between the rev. gentleman and myself. Until I read the passage just quoted, I was under the impression that you heard all that passed in conversation on the occasion in question. But I must conclude. Someday I hope to return to the subject, and do full justice to it according to my humble abilities.
 +
:I remain, Signor.
 +
:Your's truly, G. BLACK.<ref>The Age, 31 December 1855</ref>
 +
 +
  
 
:Census. MESSRS. R SCOTT, P. Reade, A. Lessman, J. Stodart, J. H. Magill, and E. Devereux, arc requested to call on thc under- signed immediately, to amend certain census papers, necessary for the payment of their salaries.
 
:Census. MESSRS. R SCOTT, P. Reade, A. Lessman, J. Stodart, J. H. Magill, and E. Devereux, arc requested to call on thc under- signed immediately, to amend certain census papers, necessary for the payment of their salaries.
Line 26: Line 47:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
[[Ballarat Reform League]]
 +
 +
[[George Black]]
 +
 +
[[Thomas Wanliss]]
  
 
==Further Reading==
 
==Further Reading==
  
 
Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. ''The Eureka Encyclopaedia'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.
 
Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. ''The Eureka Encyclopaedia'', Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 00:37, 24 February 2019

Walter E. Pidgeon, Illustration from The Eureka Stockade by Raffaello Carboni, Sunnybrook Press, 1942, offset print.
Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased 1994.

Background

Samuel Irwin was born in Northern Ireland.

Irwin was a journalist with the Ballarat Star where he was an important contributor on the character of Governor Charles Hotham. Irwin was also a correspondent for the Geelong Advertiser. [1]

Goldfields Involvement, 1854

Charles A. Doudiet, watercolour on paper, 1854, watercolour, on paper.
Courtesy Art Gallery of Ballarat, purchased by the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery with the assistance of many donors, 1996.

Samuel Irwin signed the Bendigo Goldfields Petition.

Irwin witnessed the Burning of James Bentley's Eureka Hotel, and was a member of Ballarat Reform League. [2] On 26 October1854 Samuel Irwin paid the 250 pound bail for Andrew McIntyre.[3] He was the informant for the death certificates of Martin Diamond, George Donaghey, Patrick Gittings, John Hynes and Michael Mullins.

Irwin wrote a letter calling on the Creswick diggers to join the fight. [4]

Post 1854 Experiences

Irwin supported Peter Lalor’s electoral nomination.[5]

Irwin was a journalist who signed the Benden Sherritt Hassell Compensation Case Petetion in 1855. With J.J. Ham he was the first editor of the Ballarat Star in 1855. In 1855 Irwin was on the Ballarat Hospital Committee, and the provisional committee of the Ballarat Gas Company in 1857. [6]

He sold Raffaello Carboni’s book The Eureka Stockade. [7]

Obituary

A BALLARAT IDENTITY.
(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.)
In the obituary columns of Monday's Argus there appeared the announcement of the death of Mr. Samuel Irwin, at one time a resident of Ballarat, and who was a justice of the peace for that city. The late Mr. Irwin was, I believe, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and was intended for the ministry of the Ulster Presbyterian Church, he being a native of the North of Ireland; but like many young men of the period he was seized with the gold fever and emigrated to Victoria instead. In fact I am not certain if he was not in the colony previous to the gold discoveries. At all events he was a very early settler, and was well known and respected at Ballarat. If not in the affair of the Eureka Stockade, he was very near to it, as I heard at the time. He was for a considerable period correspondent of the Geelong Advertiser, was editor of the Ballarat Times, and subsequently became co-proprietor of the Ballarat Star with Mr. Thomas Drummond Wanliss, a well known and much respected citizen of the great goldfield of Ballarat. Mr. Irwin was the proprietor of some very valuable blocks of land in the immediate neighbourhood of the city, which he sold for as many hundreds as he would have got thousands for, had he held them for a few years longer. He was, though a well educated man, of a very retiring and unassuming disposition, and, like many of the old pioneers, did not succeed in making a fortune. He married early in the sixty's, but so far as known to me, has left no family. His wife met with an accident in the Jolimont railway disaster, and received liberal compensation. Mr. Irwin was for some time private secretary to one of the Ministers of tho Crown, who held office some years ago, since which time I lost sight of him, and was surprised and sorry to read of his death at the comparatively early age of sixty years. Many old friends who knew the deceased gentleman in the old days of Ballarat, will regret to hear of his death.[8]

In the News

Samuel Thomas Gill, Creswick Creek (near Ballaarat) from Spring Hill, lithograph on paper, hand coloured
Art Gallery of Ballarat, Ronald Wrigley Estate, 1979.
THE EUREKA STOCKADE.
(From the Ballarat Times.)
To Signor Raffaello. Dear Sir, — I have read your 'Eureka Stockade' with the deepest interest, but not with entire satisfaction. I have not time for an elaborate review of it, but I feel it to be my duty to notice a few passages in which you have mentioned my humble and all-but-forgotten name. At some future day, should health and leisure permit, I hope to give an account of what I know of the Eureka affair, and then your book will be subjected to a thorough examination. At page 58 you open chap. 45 with the following paragraphs : — "Between four and five o'clock of same afternoon we became aware of the silly blunder which proved fatal to our cause. Some three or four hundred diggers arrived from Creswick Creek — a gold-field famous for its pennyweight fortunes — grubbed up through hard work, and squandered in dissipation among the swarm of sly grog sellers in the district. "We learned from this Creswick legion that two demagogues had been stumping at Creswick, and called the miners there to arms, to help their brothers on Ballarat, who were worried by scores by the peridious hands of the Camp. They were assured that, on Ballarat, there was plenty of arms, ammunition, forage, and provisions, and that preparations, on a grand scale, were making to redress, once for all, the whole string of grievances. They had only to march to Ballarat, and would find there plenty of work, honor, and glory. 'I wonder how honest Mr Black could sanction with his presence, such suicidal rant, such absurd bosh of that pair of demagogues, who hurried down these four hundred diggers from Creswick, helpless, grog-worn ; that is, more or less dirty and ragged, and proved the greater nuisance. One of them, Michael Tuohy, behaved valiantly, and so I shall say no more.' Signor Raffaello ! by whom have you been led to pen these paragraphs? You Say, 'We learned from this Creswick legion, &c , &c. "Did this Creswick legion" say noting about a special messenger riding, post-haste, from Ballarat to Creswick's, with a note for myself, or Thomas Kennedy, or any man 0n the creek? And did not "this Creswick legion" inform you that this note was handed to me after the dispersion of the meeting, solely for which we had gone to the Creek, and just as we were about to return to Ballarat - that they ('"this Creswick legion' and Many others) reassembled to hear the contents of tHe note — and that, then it was, that they felt called on to go to the assistance of the men of Ballarat? It "this Creswick legion" made no mention Of the abovE facts, but gave you, instead, the substance-of the paragraphs transcribed, they grossly misinformed you. The truth is, Reynolds, Kennedy Moran, myself and a friend left. Ballarat for Creswicks, on Thursday morning, November 30th , when all was perfectly quiet and no license hunt was expected, for the purpose of promoting the objects of the Ballarat Reform League. In the afternoon, most of the diggers of Creswick's gathered around us, when we informed them of the principles and objects of the League, and gave them an account of the mission of Kennedy and myself to the Governor, for the release of M'Intyre, Fletcher, and Westerby. The business of the meeting was soon over, and the diggers quietly dispersed without the least expectation of being immediately called on to arm themselves and proceed to Ballarat. They had not reached their tents when a young man, a stranger to me, arrived on horseback from Ballarat, with a note for me or Kennedy, or any man on the Creek. The note was in the handwriting of, and was signed by S. Irwin (now J.P at Ballarat), I Patrick Sheehan and another, whose name was so badly written that I could not make it out. Immediately after reading the note I tore it up, lest it should fall into the hands of Government. The substance of the note, I well remember, was as follows : That the authorities had been out license hunting, and had fired on the diggers ; that if they came out, on the morrow, the diggers had made up their minds to give them pepper,' and that they (the writers) considered that the cause for which the men of Ballarat had taken up arms, was the cause of the men of Creswick, and they hoped that all who could come would come and bring with them all the arms they could collect. The note also promised that the men of Ballarat would find room in their tents for those who might, come, and would accommodate them as well as they could. But for this note the 'demagogues' and myself would have left the men of Creswick's in hipphappy ignorance of the rising which had taken place at Ballarat, and, in all probability, not one of them would have been in the Stockade on the ever-memorable Sunday morning following. !The blame, then, if any, of bringing to the Stockade the "four hundred helpless, grog-worn, that is, more or less dirty and ragged diggers of Creswick's is chargeable neither on themselves (p or wretches, as you describe them, but really high-souled men, who, appealed to as they were, in the fiery words of Messrs. Irwin, Sheehan and another, scorned to leave the men of Ballarat to fight unassisted the battle of the diggers generally) nor on the 'pair of demagogues' and "honest Mr Black," but on Messrs Irwin, Sheehan and another, or on some committee for whom the above gentlemen acted. At page ninety-nine the following passage occurs : "What has become of George Black, was, and is still, a mystery to me. I lost sight of him since his leaving for Creswick Creek, on December 1st. 1854."You lost sight of me from one to two o'clock p.m., on Saturday, after I had vainly endeavored with the Rev. Patrick Smyth to prevail on Lalor, Vern, and M'Gill to disperse the men, as I was very confident that if they came into collision with the forces which were, and would soon be at the Ballarat Camp they would be overwhelmed, and a great, and useless sacrifice of life would be the consequence. When writing the above you forgot that on Friday night, 1st December, I accompanied the Rev. Patrick Smyth and yourself to the Camp, as a deputation, to obtain, if possible, the release of the men who had been arrested the day before taking part in the disturbances caused by the license hunt. Then, as disturbance caused by the license hunt. Then, as to the mystery of my whereabouts: ever since the acquittal of the State prisoners I have been diligently engaged in business, or some other way, at this place, but ever ready to do what I could in the cause of liberty and humanity. As yet, I have not succeeded in business according to my wishes, but I hope ere long to be able to meet the men of Ballarat, and satisfy them that I am indeed the honest man you have represented me to be, through evil report and through good report, through weal and through woe, in prosperity and in adversity. I have retained the principle which I was my pride to advocate amongst them, and which I shall ever hold, and never fear to avow as occasion may arise. Others may seek the favor of the powers that be; "as for me, I have no sympathy with any government that is not the free choice of the people. You do not think, signor, that I have deserted the cause of liberty, and that I nm quietly ingratiating, myself with the government. No, no, such is far from being the case. From what I can learn, I am yet a trouble to our rulers. Not many days ago, I was informed, on good authority, that I was closely watched, and that the warrant for my arrest for the Eureka affair had not yet been withdrawn. Well, I hope to to live trouble, more than over, men whose principles and actions are despotic, whether high or low in office, or in society. Now, to clear up another of your mysteries. In your account of the interview which Father Smyth, yourself, and I had with the Camp officers on the night of Friday, December 1st, you say that when we wore returning from the Camp, "Father Smyth continually kept on a sotto voce conversation with Mr Black only," and that this was and still is a mystery to you ! I assure you, signor, Father Smyth said not a word to me, to the best of my recollection, which he was not perfectly willing for you to hear. I am not aware that there were any secrets between the rev. gentleman and myself. Until I read the passage just quoted, I was under the impression that you heard all that passed in conversation on the occasion in question. But I must conclude. Someday I hope to return to the subject, and do full justice to it according to my humble abilities.
I remain, Signor.
Your's truly, G. BLACK.[9]


Census. MESSRS. R SCOTT, P. Reade, A. Lessman, J. Stodart, J. H. Magill, and E. Devereux, arc requested to call on thc under- signed immediately, to amend certain census papers, necessary for the payment of their salaries.
S. IRWIN,
Enumerator for North Grant Ballarat 5th May, 1857.
Municipality of Ballarat East.[10]

See also

Ballarat Reform League

George Black

Thomas Wanliss

Further Reading

Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. The Eureka Encyclopaedia, Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.

References

  1. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  2. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  3. Corfield, J.,Wickham, D., & Gervasoni, C. The Eureka Encyclopaedia, Ballarat Heritage Services, 2004.
  4. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  5. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  6. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  7. Wickham, D., Gervasoni, C. & Phillipson, W., Eureka Research Directory, Ballarat Heritage Services, 1999.
  8. Bendigo Advertiser, 26 October 1887.
  9. The Age, 31 December 1855
  10. Ballarat Star, 5 May 1857

External links



File:File name.jpg
Caption, Reference.